"Enbu (formal demonstrations) have a side to them that deeply captivates people. However, we must not focus solely on that appeal, but rather grasp the potential of Budo in a broader, deeper sense."
Jissen (Practical) Aikido Hatenkai, which advocates for a unique training system within the existing Aikido world by incorporating striking and competitive sparring, is led by Master Tenkei Fujisaki. For many years, he has dedicated himself to the inquiry of Budo and the instruction of the next generation. The theme we explore with Master Fujisaki today is "the merits and demerits of enbu." What is the relationship between the beauty of these captivating demonstrations and their practical application? From a multifaceted perspective, we delve into the state of Aikido and enbu today and its outlook for the future.
Act I: The Appeal and Potential Pitfalls of Enbu
First, we asked Master Fujisaki for his impression of what he considers to be top-tier enbu.
Master Tenkei Fujisaki: "A truly outstanding enbu possesses a powerful appeal. The body mechanics cultivated through long years of training and the martial artist's spirit that one can feel from it can leave a profound impression. I am always learning from the enbu of high-level masters, even those from other schools. However, alongside this brilliance, I feel that the performative aspect of enbu also carries an inherent danger of sometimes obscuring the true essence of Budo."
His words suggest both admiration and concern. Having experience with enbu himself, he says he is also aware of its limitations and challenges.
Master Fujisaki: "Even if I were to perform an enbu myself, it would be limited to demonstrating a basic understanding of technique, as the core of my training is in kumite (sparring). I recognize the role enbu plays in popularizing Budo, but in reality, I see cases where the 'performance' aspect is overemphasized, strengthening its character as a spectacle detached from practical application. Frankly, some enbu are dominated by choreography for show, making me question their substance as a martial art."
Act II: The Balance of "Bu" and "En" - A Warning from a Practical Perspective
For a master who champions Practical Aikido, the proper balance between "En" (performance) and "Bu" (martial) is a critical point.
Master Fujisaki: "The foundation of Budo is, and always will be, the 'Bu' (martial) techniques for controlling an opponent. I am concerned that the essence of Budo is being lost as enbu pursues only splendor and fluidity. While beauty is one element of Budo, when it takes precedence over the original purpose of practical application, the means and the end become reversed. Especially from the standpoint of one who emphasizes practical training, I feel that the pursuit of beauty in enbu alone carries the risk of creating misconceptions about its effectiveness in a real situation."
"The movements shown in an enbu are not necessarily effective as-is in a real fight," the master states, emphasizing the fundamental difference between the two. The discussion then shifts to the relationship between "yakusoku kumite" (prearranged sparring) and "jiyū kumite" (free sparring) in the Aikido training system.
Master Fujisaki: "Enbu is fundamentally performed according to a predetermined sequence in a planned situation. This is inherently different from a real fight, where you don't know when, from where, or how an attack will come. To truly know how effective Aikido is in a practical scenario, one needs to test it in conditions closer to reality, such as through sparring or competitive matches. In those situations, you find practical, utility-focused techniques and unpredictable exchanges that are different from the refined beauty of enbu. In Karate and Judo, kata (equivalent to enbu) and kumite (practical training) are clearly distinguished, and the value of each is recognized. However, in some circles of Aikido, there is a tendency to view proficiency in enbu as a direct indicator of one's practical combat ability. This, I would say, is a problematic situation."
Act III: The Meaning and Limits of Yakusoku Kumite, and the Need for Jiyū Kumite
Here, the master provides a detailed explanation of the different roles of "yakusoku kumite" (kata practice) and "jiyū kumite" (free sparring) in Aikido training, and their connection to practical application.
Master Fujisaki: "Aikido's kata practice, or yakusoku kumite, is essential for mastering the fundamentals, such as tai sabaki (body movement) and the underlying principles (riai) of techniques through the repetition of set movements. However, this only enhances proficiency 'under arranged circumstances.' On the other hand, jiyū kumite, which anticipates matches or real fights, requires the ability to make instantaneous judgments and respond adaptively to an opponent's unpredictable movements. It is a common understanding in karate and other combat sports that no amount of repeating yakusoku kumite alone will enable one to fight in jiyū kumite. Aikido is no different in this regard."
Based on his own teaching experience, the master speaks about the tendency to over-rely on prearranged practice.
Master Fujisaki: "I have had the opportunity to train with about 30 to 40 dan-ranked practitioners who have primarily focused on enbu, and most of them struggled to respond effectively to 'free-form exchanges,' which was likely a new experience for them. Even those who could execute fluid techniques in a prearranged context showed a tendency to freeze when faced with an unpredictable attack. In other cases, they would rely on a specific favorite technique and fail to adapt to the situation. Of course, a few were able to manage to some extent due to physical advantages or experience in other martial arts, but the reality was that they had not reached a level where a genuine give-and-take as 'sparring' or a 'match' could be established. Yakusoku kumite is a vital foundation for building the basics of a martial art. However, to connect that foundation to a power that is alive in a real situation, I believe it is indispensable to cultivate the ability to respond to diverse situations—that is, 'applicability' (ōyōryoku)—through jiyū kumite."
Act IV: A Perspective on Modern Enbu and a Hope for Diversity (In Response to a Fan's Question)
At this point, the interviewer, from the perspective of a fan, noted a trend toward uniformity in recent Aikido enbu, suggesting a decline in the diverse expressions that once reflected the unique individuality and philosophy of each instructor. The interviewer asked, "Shouldn't there be more enbu that express an individual's view of Aikido?"
The master agreed and offered his own perspective.
Master Fujisaki: "That is a very interesting point. I also believe that enbu should be a space that allows for more freedom and diversity of expression. As you said, in the past, we saw many unique enbu that strongly reflected the individual character of each instructor—be it their exceptional sharpness, their fluid softness, expressions of Ki, high artistry, profound weightiness, sharp atemi (strikes), or brilliant sabaki (movement). This was stimulating for the audience and provided an opportunity to see the multifaceted appeal of Aikido."
Master Fujisaki: "If a trend toward uniformity is seen in modern enbu, it could be due to a hesitation to deviate from the fundamentals, or an invisible pressure to conform that results in practitioners sticking to repetitions of archetypal forms. Of course, fundamentals are a crucial foundation in Budo. However, I believe that another important value of enbu is to express the unique understanding and philosophy one has gained through their own training upon that foundation. Just as the interviewer suggested, there should be room for freer ideas, such as an enbu that specializes in 'Ki and movement,' one that pursues the 'effectiveness of atemi,' or one that elevates artistry."
Master Fujisaki: "I believe that enbu is not just a presentation of technical skill, but also an expression of the performer's own spirit of inquiry and philosophy toward Aikido. I hope that the younger generation of instructors, while firmly grounded in the established basics, will confidently project their own beliefs about Aikido into their enbu and pioneer new possibilities. I believe this will revitalize the world of Aikido enbu and allow its diverse charms to shine once more."
Act V: The Appeal of Enbu, the Danger of Misunderstanding, and a Vision for the Future
Master Fujisaki's words, coming from a practical combat perspective, give us deep pause to think about the nature of enbu. At the same time, they are words that acknowledge the challenges facing modern Aikido enbu and express hope for its future.
Master Fujisaki: "I believe I understand the difference between enbu and a real fight, but on very rare occasions, when I witness the enbu of a truly exceptional master, I am so moved that I think, 'Perhaps this technique could actually work in a real fight.' That is how much persuasive power, how much magnetism, an enbu that has reached the level of 'the real thing' can have. And that is precisely why someone who does not know the severity of a real fight can be influenced by its splendor and mistake proficiency in enbu for practical ability. But that carries the danger of creating misunderstanding."
Master Fujisaki: "In the enbu of first-class masters who have walked the path of Aikido with sincerity for many years, I feel that something beyond mere technical skill is condensed—the depth and spirit of Budo, and the character of the person performing. That is surely why we, the viewers, are so moved. However, it is crucial not only to be captivated by this appeal but also to correctly recognize the different aspects of enbu, as well as the respective meanings and limitations of yakusoku kumite (the foundation) and jiyū kumite (the application). Above all, we must believe in the potential of enbu as a form of 'expression,' and each instructor must embody their own Aikido without fear. That, I believe, is the key to the further development of modern Aikido and its enbu."
The proposals from Master Tenkei Fujisaki, a pursuer of Practical Aikido, raise important questions about the culture of enbu and the very nature of the training system in Aikido. The relationship between beauty and the practicality that lies beneath. The connection between yakusoku kumite as a foundation and jiyū kumite for cultivating applicable skills. And the potential of enbu as a form of martial expression. These questions are themes that all Aikido practitioners, and all who love Aikido, should deeply reconsider.
Is Aikido Effective in a Real Fight? We Ask Hatenkai's Master Tenkei Fujisaki About Its Validity and Modern Value [Part 1]
"Can Aikido actually be used in a real fight?" This is a question that many people interested in martial arts and combat sports have likely pondered at some point. While Aikido projects a sophisticated image of graceful body movement and principles of "Aiki" that utilize an opponent's force, there are varied opinions regarding its effectiveness in a real-world application.
In response to this question, Master Tenkei Fujisaki, head of Jissen (Practical) Aikido Hatenkai, offers his perspective on the value and potential that Aikido holds in the modern era, based on his many years of teaching experience and inquiry.
The Definition of a "Real Fight" Determines the Evaluation of Effectiveness
— Can Aikido be used in a real fight?
Master Fujisaki: The answer to that question differs depending on how you define the term "real fight."
If by "real fight" you mean "self-defense" to protect yourself from an unexpected assault, then it is conceivable that a person who has deeply trained in Aikido—especially in "Jissen Aikido," which incorporates striking and competitive matches—could demonstrate its effectiveness.
On the other hand, if you see a "real fight" as a "competitive combat sport" held under a set of rules, such as Mixed Martial Arts (MMA), then there would be difficult aspects to handle using only Aikido techniques. This is because MMA includes techniques and strategies, such as striking and ground fighting, that Aikido does not traditionally anticipate.
— So, the "Unified Aikido Rules" adopted by Hatenkai, which permit hand-edge strikes to the face, are intended to simulate a more realistic situation?
Master Fujisaki: Yes. By adding strikes to the face into the rules, we can experience offense and defense in training that more closely resembles a realistic situation. This makes it possible to hone crucial practical skills for enhancing self-defense utility, such as the ability to respond to sudden strikes and to attack an opponent's openings.
Effectiveness as Self-Defense: Responding to Strikes and Standing Joint Locks
— Could you elaborate on Aikido's effectiveness from the perspective of self-defense?
Master Fujisaki: From a self-defense standpoint, Aikido can be an effective option. In particular, Jissen Aikido as advocated by Hatenkai emphasizes techniques for deflecting strikes and applying standing joint locks, which can be a strength in a self-defense scenario.
First, Aikido's tai sabaki (body movement) is aimed at deflecting and neutralizing an opponent's attacking force. Through this, one can expect to avoid the direct impact of a strike and, conversely, unbalance the opponent.
Second, Aikido's joint locks are effective for controlling an opponent's movement. Standing joint locks, in particular, offer the potential to subdue an opponent without causing serious injury, which may be suitable for self-defense situations where one wants to mitigate the risk of excessive force.
Furthermore, Aikido's philosophy of "utilizing the opponent's force" has the potential to be applied against opponents of different sizes and strengths, or even against multiple opponents. A key characteristic of Aikido is its aim to control an opponent with minimal force by using their own power against them.
Application in a Street Fight: Not Recommended, but Can Be a Means of Self-Preservation
— How would Aikido be useful in a situation like a so-called "street fight" (kenka)?
Master Fujisaki: First and foremost, Aikido is not a martial art intended for "street fighting," which actively seeks conflict. Its spirit lies in avoiding confrontation and aiming for harmony.
However, should you be unwillingly drawn into a conflict and need to protect your safety, the tai sabaki and standing joint locks cultivated in Jissen Aikido can be effective means to defend against an attack and create distance from danger.
The objective should not be to "win a fight," but rather to "protect oneself from unforeseen violence."
Matchups in Cross-Style Fights: Dealing with Strikers and the Challenge of Grapplers
— If we consider matches against other martial arts or combat sports—so-called cross-style fights—how do the matchups look?
Master Fujisaki: Against striking-based arts (like Karate or Kempo), there is a possibility of countering by evading attacks with tai sabaki and closing the distance to connect with throws or joint locks. The key would be a strategy that avoids the opponent's preferred range while creating an advantageous situation for oneself.
On the other hand, against grappling arts, especially those focused on ground fighting (newaza, like Judo or Wrestling), while there might be a chance to counter if one can use strikes effectively, once the fight transitions to the ground, there is a high probability of being at a disadvantage.
Effectiveness in MMA: Limited, but with Potential as an "Element"
— In the ring of Mixed Martial Arts (MMA), which has gained immense global popularity, to what extent do you think Aikido is effective?
Master Fujisaki: Under the current, common MMA rules, one would have to say that situations where Aikido techniques can be a primary, effective weapon are limited.
A major reason is that in MMA, causing damage is directly linked to victory, which makes it difficult for Aikido's philosophy and techniques of "controlling an opponent without injury" to be properly evaluated. Also, in rules that permit ground fighting, athletes with specialized newaza skills tend to have the advantage.
However, if viewed as an "element" that constitutes the broader skillset of MMA, there are aspects that could be partially applied. Since Jissen Aikido includes striking and standing-based grappling, combining it with other combat sports could help broaden a fighter's technical range. But as things stand, it is difficult to find a reason to choose Jissen Aikido as the primary technical base for MMA. Jissen Aikido's main focus is on effectiveness as a self-defense art, and its purpose differs from that of MMA.
"No Competition" Is an Old Perception: The Strategic Nature of Jissen Aikido
— In your opinion, Master Fujisaki, what is the appeal of Jissen Aikido?
Master Fujisaki: Jissen Aikido has many attractions. In the past, Aikido had an image of "not being able to have matches" or being "too dangerous," but that situation is changing. In modern Jissen Aikido, such as under Hatenkai's Unified Aikido Rules, it is possible to have competitions using Aikido techniques while giving consideration to safety.
And the strategic depth of the diverse standing joint locks and the exchanges surrounding them is one of Jissen Aikido's most distinctive charms. The process of reading an opponent's movement, force, and center of gravity to select and execute the optimal technique involves an element of intellectual engagement. Of course, when combined with well-practiced techniques for handling strikes, its effectiveness as a self-defense art can also be expected.
Comparison with Karate: Mutual Respect and the Potential of Jissen Aikido
— Compared to Karate, which is often a point of comparison, which is "stronger"?
Master Fujisaki: There's no simple answer to that. The "strength" in martial arts is not determined by the style or school alone; it is heavily dependent on the individual's level of training and ability.
What I believe is important is for Aikido and Karate to move forward together with an attitude of mutual respect, acknowledging each other's strengths and characteristics. Mutual understanding between different martial arts will lead to the development of the martial arts world as a whole.
That being said, if we assume a practical situation not bound by rules, I believe the skills cultivated under Hatenkai's Unified Aikido Rules could be an effective countermeasure against Karate as well. Deflecting a strike, breaking the opponent's balance, and following up with a joint lock or throw would be techniques that even a skilled Karateka would have to be wary of.
However, in terms of the number of participants, Aikido, and especially Jissen Aikido, is still small compared to Karate. This difference also affects the depth of the top-tier talent pool, so expanding the competitor base and raising the overall level of skill are challenges for the future.
A Message for Beginners: The Doors of Aikido Are Open
— Lastly, do you have a message for those who are thinking of starting Aikido or are interested in it?
Master Fujisaki: Aikido is one of the martial arts that is easy for many people to begin, regardless of age, gender, or athletic experience. At Hatenkai, we also welcome those with no prior martial arts experience.
Through Aikido training, you can learn not only to improve your physical fitness and technique but also etiquette and a spirit of respect for others. Additionally, in Jissen Aikido, you can aim to acquire skills that lead to self-defense, such as the ability to handle strikes and apply strategic standing joint locks. It offers the potential to simultaneously pursue the depth of a martial art, the intellectual fun of competition, and the improvement of one's self-defense capabilities.
If you have even the slightest interest, I hope you will visit a Hatenkai dojo for an observation or trial class to experience for yourself the potential of Aikido and the changes that training can bring.
[Editor's Note] This interview with Master Tenkei Fujisaki presented the viewpoint that the answer to "Is Aikido effective in a real fight?" differs depending on the definition of "real fight." Master Fujisaki spoke about the Jissen Aikido he teaches, highlighting its effectiveness as a self-defense art, its ability to handle strikes, and its strategic standing joint locks. At the same time, his respect for other martial arts and combat sports, and his desire for the development of the entire martial arts community, were also impressive.
At Hatenkai, one can learn modern, practical Aikido. For those interested in self-defense, those who wish to explore new aspects of martial arts, or those interested in a combat sport with intellectual engagement, considering an observation or trial lesson would be a good idea.